Every marked claim, sorted by what supports it.

Depreciation begins when the asset is available for use. Its useful life and residual value are reviewed at least at each annual reporting date. The costs of day-to-day servicing are recognised as an expense as they are incurred,…

Saudi Public Sector Accounting Standard 45, Property, Plant and Equipment, 2024 edition, AG27, paragraph 48, AG13, AG14 and paragraphs 62 and 63

The contractor must give the Engineer notice describing the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim, as soon as practicable and not later than 28 days after it became aware, or should have become aware, of it. If it does no…

Obrascon Huarte Lain SA v Her Majesty's Attorney General for Gibraltar [2014] EWHC 1028 (TCC), paragraphs 17 and 311 to 313, quoting FIDIC 1999 Sub-Clause 20.1

To obtain an extension of time, and equally to rely on the prevention principle, a party must prove causation in fact: that the event caused, or was likely to cause, actual delay to the progress of the works. Notional or theoretic…

Adyard Abu Dhabi v SD Marine Services [2011] EWHC 848 (Comm), paragraphs 264, 282 and 292

A party cannot insist on performance of an obligation it has prevented the other party from performing. If the employer prevents completion by the contract date, it cannot hold the contractor to that date; time becomes at large an…

Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd v Honeywell Control Systems Ltd (No 2) [2007] EWHC 447 (TCC), paragraphs 47 to 49 and 56; North Midland Building Ltd v Cyden Homes Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1744, paragraphs 12, 28, 30, 36 and 38

Tyson's commentary records that under the 1999 edition, the only information precondition to the Performance Certificate was that all Contractor's Documents had been supplied. The 2017 edition adds a second: the Engineer must have…

FIDIC 2017, Sub-Clause 11.9, as described in Tyson, FIDIC 2017: Clause 11, Howard Kennedy, page 5

The guidance depicts the start of the operational phase as the transfer of relevant information from the project information model to the asset information model. It lists separate activities to review and accept an information mo…

UK BIM Framework, Information management according to BS EN ISO 19650, Guidance Part 3, edition 1, September 2020, Figure 2 and Tables 3 and 4

The tender documents state the criteria for evaluating, comparing and accepting offers (Article 24). Article 25 provides: «يجب أن تكون معايير التقييم غير السعرية موضوعية وتتناسب مع طبيعة الأعمال والمشتريات المراد طرحها، وأن تكون -…

Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law 2019, Articles 24, 25, 45(3), 53, 86 and 87, and its Executive Regulations, Articles 8 and 85(2), in the consolidated Arabic text published by the Ministry of Finance

Award criteria "shall not have the effect of conferring an unrestricted freedom of choice on the contracting authority", and "shall be accompanied by specifications that allow the information provided by the tenderers to be effect…

Directive 2014/24/EU, Article 67(2)(b) and 67(4), read at EUR-Lex

Proposals are assessed "solely on the factors and subfactors specified in the solicitation", using any rating method, "including color or adjectival ratings, numerical weights, and ordinal rankings". "The relative strengths, defic…

Federal Acquisition Regulation 15.305(a) and (a)(3), FAC 2026-01, read at Acquisition.gov

The Green Book asks appraisers to distinguish capital, operating and maintenance costs, and says that practitioners "must make sure that appraisals reflect the appropriate maintenance costs needed to sustain social benefits over t…

HM Treasury, The Green Book, 2026, paragraphs 6.31 and 6.87 and Table 4

Operating expenditure estimation is listed among the information to be submitted for review at the end of Stage 2, alongside the Class 4 capital estimate. The economic appraisal is to include revenue costs, defined as "the operati…

EXPRO, Project Initial Planning Introduction, EPM-S00-GL-000003 Rev 003, page 5; Project Outline Business Case Procedure, EPM-S00-PR-000007 Rev 003, sections 6.1.2.4 and 6.3.1.3, pages 9 and 24

The statement of capital and revenue requirements "should also indicate the capital sum being requested and, ideally, that the Entity has sufficient income or funding to meet the ongoing costs of the project." Two sections later:…

EXPRO, Project Outline Business Case Procedure, EPM-S00-PR-000007 Rev 003, sections 6.3.1.3 and 6.3.1.7, pages 24 and 25

At the entity's strategic outline case, before project stages begin, the need for the asset is to be established together with initial capital and operating expenditure over the asset's life cycle, and the full involvement of asse…

EXPRO, National Manual for Assets and Facilities Management, Volume 16 Chapter 1, EOM-ZP0-PR-000004-AR Rev 000, sections 6.2.1, 6.3.1, 6.3.2 and 6.3.7, page 10 onward; the Arabic governs and the rendering here is ours

For each Agency project, the WBS "must use the NSM numbering scheme and also must correlate exactly through level seven to the corresponding financial accounting structure utilized for each project within the NASA Core Financial S…

NASA/SP-2016-3404/REV1, Work Breakdown Structure Handbook

"The cost account is made-up of both WBS, Work Breakdown Structure code and a cost code together", and the control account is that cost account plus the project number. The English revision takes its commodity code from MasterForm…

EXPRO National Manual for Projects Management, Volume 7 Chapter 2, EPM-KPC-PR-000001 Rev 003

"Responsibility for the Material, Contract and Subcontract Cost Control process is shared among the following groups: Procurement, Contracts, Engineering, Accounting, and Construction. The ultimate responsibility for cost control…

EXPRO National Manual for Projects Management, EPM-KPC-PR-000003 Rev 003, section 5.0

The turnover of facility and infrastructure procedure lists twelve reference documents. Twelve of the twelve are Projects Management documents. Its responsibilities section names eight parties: the Project Management Team, the Des…

EXPRO National Manual for Projects Management, Volume 16 Chapter 2, EPM-KTC-PR-000001 Rev 003

Finance owns the process. On receiving the project start memo from project management, it creates a code for the project under which the project's costs accumulate, and keeps a file for every project under execution. Each month it…

Saudi Ministry of Finance, comprehensive manual for the census and valuation of assets of government entities, second edition, section 2.7, pages 204 to 208

"Each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost or value that is significant in relation to the total cost or value of the item shall be depreciated separately." Paragraph 43 adds that an entity depreciating so…

IPSAS 45, Property, Plant, and Equipment, paragraph 41

Where an entity recognises the cost of a replacement for part of an item in that item's carrying amount, it "derecognizes the carrying amount of the replaced part regardless of whether the replaced part had been depreciated separa…

IPSAS 45, paragraph 65

The tender documentation must set out all the evaluation criteria and, except where price is the sole criterion, "the relative importance of such criteria". The award then goes to the tender that is most advantageous "based solely…

WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, as amended 30 March 2012, Articles X:7(c) and XV:5; UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement 2011, Article 11(5)(c) and 11(6); Directive 2014/24/EU Article 67(5)

Under Value Adjusted Total Evaluated Price, "the 'value' placed on better performance is identified and quantified in the RFP", which lets the evaluation team "assign a monetary value, or 'monetize,' the higher rated technical att…

US Department of Defense, Source Selection Procedures USA000740-22-DPC, paragraphs 1.3.1.4 and 2.3.2.5

The contractor prepares a monthly or provisional statement and submits it to the consultant. The consultant verifies the works on site and reports within ten working days, "عشرة أيام عمل". The government agency completes its appro…

Executive Regulations of the Government Tenders and Procurement Law, Article 109, read in the Arabic text published by the Ministry of Finance

Where an employer pays late, FIDIC entitles the contractor to "financing charges compounded monthly on the amount unpaid during the period of delay", running from the date for payment "irrespective ... of the date on which any Int…

FIDIC Conditions of Contract 1999, Sub-Clause 14.8, as stated in FIDIC's own question and answer service for the 1999 suite; Saudi Central Bank policy rates read at sama.gov.sa

Article 127 closes government offices from the 25th of Ramadan to the end of the 5th of Shawwal, and from the 5th of Dhu al-Hijjah to the end of the 15th, and sets the weekly rest at Friday and Saturday. Article 128 adds that a si…

Executive Regulations for Human Resources in the Civil Service, Articles 127 and 128, read in the Arabic; Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development, Holidays and Leaves, the ministry's own labour education page for the business sector

The Engineer certifies "the amount which the Engineer fairly determines to be due", so a statement is not thrown back because part of it is disputed: the disputed part is trimmed, the rest is certified, and where work is not in ac…

FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction 1999, Sub-Clauses 14.6 to 14.8, via a free clause commentary and FIDIC's own question and answer service for the 1999 suite; Saudi Government Tenders and Procurement Law and its Executive Regulations, searched in full in the Arabic

The Law permits an advance payment against a bank guarantee equal to its value. Article 108 sets the terms: يجوز, may, not shall, the government authority may disburse an advance payment not exceeding 10% of the total contract val…

Executive Regulations of the Government Tenders and Procurement Law, Article 108, read in the Arabic; the Law's own provision on advance payment read in the same file

In systems where dependability characteristics are important, they should be defined and specified in the same way as other system characteristics such as technical performance, dimensions and mass. The standard gives guidance on…

IEC 60300-3-4, Dependability management, Application guide, Specification of dependability requirements, introduction and clause 1, read in the free preview of the 2007 edition; the 2022 third edition's published scope is the same

The section requires, for each system, the manufacturer's operations and maintenance data, approved submittals, sequences of operation, startup and shutdown procedures, a preventive maintenance plan with the manufacturer's project…

UFGS 01 78 23, Operation and Maintenance Data, May 2023, Change 4 of August 2026, 28 pages, read in full

A reconciliation is a transaction control activity that consists of comparing two or more sets of records, researching and resolving any differences, and recording adjustments if necessary. Reconciliations are to be performed rout…

GAO-20-615, September 2020, page 14, citing DoD Financial Management Regulation volume 4 chapter 24 and GAO's Standards for Internal Control

Cost and schedule ratings are calculated from agency-submitted data: a variance under 10% is green, 10% to 30% is amber, over 30% is red. The CIO rating is different. Each agency's chief information officer assigns 1 (high risk) t…

OMB IT Dashboard rating rules, as set out in GAO-16-494, pages 4 to 5

The statement says of itself that it is not a tool for assessing asset management, that maturity is subtle and complex, particularly at higher levels, and that each member society is expected to develop its own detailed guidance c…

GFMAM, Asset Management Maturity: A Position Statement, second edition, 2021

The standard provides guidance on the provision, selection and formatting of reference service-life data and on applying that data to calculate an estimated service life using the factor method. It states that it does not give gui…

ISO 15686-8:2008, abstract, ISO/TC 59/SC 14

The World Road Association's free global manual publishes no deterioration curve, no coefficient and no table. On both of the two approaches it offers, it directs the reader to their own records, to local knowledge, and to best pr…

PIARC Asset Management Manual, 2.4.4, deterioration models

LEED v4 requires the commissioning authority to be engaged by the end of design development, with documented experience running from early design through at least 10 months of occupancy, and to report findings directly to the owne…

LEED v4 BD+C, EA Prerequisite, Fundamental Commissioning and Verification; LEED v5 BD+C rating system, November 2025 edition, EAp3 and EAc5

The standard does not prescribe the unit of measure for recognition, that is, what constitutes an item of property, plant and equipment. It states that judgement is required in applying the recognition criteria to an entity's spec…

IPSAS 45, paragraph 8

Each part of an item of property, plant and equipment with a cost or value that is significant in relation to the total cost or value of the item shall be depreciated separately. The residual value and the useful life of an asset…

IPSAS 45, paragraphs 41, 48 and 58

A cost estimate cannot be considered credible if it does not account for the cost effects of schedule slippage.

GAO Schedule Assessment Guide, GAO-16-89G, preface

Quality Level D, the most basic level, is information derived solely from existing utility records or verbal recollections. The standard characterises both as typically unreliable, and describes QL-D as useful primarily for projec…

ASCE 38, quality level definitions

Items below the capitalisation threshold are expensed in the period incurred. Items meeting the definition of property, plant and equipment but falling below the threshold are recorded as inventory, expensed on issue from stores,…

Ministry of Finance FAQ guide, June 2024, citing Section 15 Policy 2 of the accounting policies manual

The contractor is potentially entitled to an extension of time only for events at the employer's risk that affect the critical path. The assessment should rest on an appropriate delay analysis whose conclusions are sound as a matt…

Society of Construction Law, Delay and Disruption Protocol, 2nd edition, February 2017, Core Principles 4, 5 and 12

Contractual terms requiring prompt notice of delay serve a valuable purpose: notice enables matters to be investigated while they are still current, and it sometimes lets the employer withdraw an instruction once its financial con…

Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd v Honeywell Control Systems Ltd (No 2) [2007] EWHC 447 (TCC), paragraph 103

Records of progress and of delay events should be made as the work proceeds, not afterwards, and in a form that can be matched to the programme activities. The employer should consider whether to keep its own independent set of re…

Society of Construction Law, Delay and Disruption Protocol, 2nd edition, February 2017, Guidance Part B, paragraphs 1.7, 1.9, 1.12 and 1.32

Dimension 7.c asks whether capital and recurrent budgets are prepared and presented together. Its lowest score describes the case where they "are prepared by separate ministries, and/or presented in separate budget documents". Dim…

IMF, The Updated PIMA Questionnaire, dimensions 7.c, 8.a and 9.a

In the worked example, "the entity's asset records were not sufficiently detailed to apply a components approach fully". Management commissioned an engineering survey, and "the existing records before the survey did not permit thi…

IPSAS 45, Implementation Guidance, IG15

ISO/TS 55010 "gives guidance on the alignment between financial and non-financial asset management functions, to improve internal controls as part of an organization's management system". It is a Technical Specification, which ISO…

ISO/TS 55010:2024 and ISO's description of its own deliverables

For fiscal year 2019, independent public accountants "reported serious control issues related to events that occur during the life cycle of real property, consisting of adding, disposing, reconciling, valuing, and performing physi…

GAO-20-615, Defense Real Property, September 2020, with recommendation status as of March 2026

"The procuring entity also has the discretion to decide which relative weights to assign to the elements included in its evaluation criteria."

UNCITRAL Guide to Enactment of the Model Law on Public Procurement, part two, in the section on the procuring entity's discretion

The Jordanian Bureau's six recurring findings on capital projects are: designs and drawings not checked against the site before tender, producing change orders and extra cost; contract durations and schedules miscalculated, produc…

Audit Bureau of Jordan, 73rd Annual Report for 2024, chapter 8 and pages 51 to 52; General Court of Audit of Saudi Arabia, reports on the results of audit work for 2023 and 2024, all read at the document

"For debtors, paying late is an attractive form of finance that costs the debtor nothing but does have a cost for the creditor." Late payments "directly affect liquidity and predictability of cash flows, thus increasing working ca…

European Commission, proposal for a Regulation on combating late payment in commercial transactions, COM(2023) 533 final, explanatory memorandum and recitals 3 and 11, read in full

The department's ratings reflected additional considerations, in GAO's words, such as the likelihood of OMB review. A rating that considers what will happen if it is red is not a rating of the investment. It is a rating of the con…

GAO-13-98, October 2012, on the Department of Defense's rating process

A level of maturity represented by conformance to the requirements of ISO 55001 may not deliver all the value desired by the organisation's stakeholders.

GFMAM, Asset Management Maturity: A Position Statement, second edition, 2021

The stated rationale for the independent commissioning provider is that reporting lines determine what late-stage testing is allowed to find. This is the manual's own account of why the traditional model failed, not our inference.

EXPRO National Manual for Projects Management, testing and commissioning guideline, EPM-KT0-GL-000003

They found that, on average, a one-year delay or other extension of the implementation phase correlates with an increase in percentage cost overrun of 4.64%.

Flyvbjerg, Holm and Buhl (2004), reported in Flyvbjerg (2014)

There are no direct incentives for the businesses that own this information to improve it at the scale a full solution requires. The Commission's stated reason is that there is no case for a business to invest individually in refo…

UK Geospatial Commission, NUAR Economic Case Summary, November 2021

Indirect costs, which the Commission identifies as including project delays and extended road closures, are on average 29 times larger than the direct costs.

NUAR Economic Case Summary, savings from reduced utility strikes

Constituents asked the IPSASB to set capitalisation thresholds. The Board concluded that the question applies broadly across property, plant and equipment rather than to infrastructure alone, and that it is a practical matter best…

IPSAS 45, Basis for Conclusions, BC28 and BC29

The new subclause requires the development of the SAMP and specifies what it should include and bring about. This, in the committee's words, acknowledges the importance of the SAMP as an element of the asset management system, its…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024, clause 6.2.1

The subclauses were separated, in the committee's words, because this acknowledges that risks and opportunities are dealt with differently in most organisations.

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024, clause 6.1.2 and 6.1.3

The committee describes 4.5 as a significant change from the 2014 edition, introduced to strengthen the alignment of asset management from the strategic level to the operational one, which it calls line of sight, and to support co…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024

The committee describes the clause as requiring an organisation to determine the knowledge needed to operate the asset management system, to implement processes for dealing with knowledge, and to ensure that knowledge remains curr…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024

The committee's account of the revision is that it clarifies how data and information differ in an asset management context, that the requirements have been made clearer and more concise, and that configuration is a key capability…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024, clause 7.6

The committee says the revised 8.1 now addresses life cycle processes explicitly, and names them: creation, acquisition, utilisation, maintenance, improvement, renewal and disposal. It adds that treating the risks and implementing…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024

The new subclause replaces preventive action and requires processes for predictive actions, which the committee defines as actions that predict future behaviour of a parameter required to support decision-making. The stated purpos…

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024, clause 10.3

The committee states that the term changed in line with the ISO Harmonized Structure, the common text ISO applies across its management system standards, and that the requirements are not changed substantially.

ISO/TC 251, guidance on ISO 55001:2024

For the 15 bridges and tunnels where ownership was known, privately owned projects escalated by 34% on average (N=4), projects under ordinary public ownership by 23% (N=8), and projects owned by state-owned enterprises by 110% (N=…

Flyvbjerg, Holm and Buhl, What Causes Cost Overrun in Transport Infrastructure Projects?, Transport Reviews 24(1), 2004, Table 1 and the accompanying tests, read in full

Of 1,817 ongoing projects, 458 reported cost overrun against original cost, 20.70% in aggregate; 831 were delayed against their original completion date and 554 against their latest approved date, with an average time overrun of 3…

MoSPI, Flash Report on Central Sector Projects, May 2024, overview pages, read in full

The Army did not reconcile a 3.6bn difference between the 24.2bn of real property in its general ledger and the 27.8bn in its facilities system. The Corps of Engineers did not compare and reconcile accounting records with engineer…

GAO/AIMD-94-9, November 1993, on the Army's fiscal year 1992 financial statements

The sampled items were valued at 5.827bn. Of that, 0.929bn was fully supported by source documents. Some 0.792bn was expense-type work that should never have been capitalised, 0.756bn related to projects completed before the balan…

DoD Inspector General D-2004-017, November 2003, statistical sample of 500 of 17,801 construction-in-progress items, US Army Corps of Engineers civil works

For fiscal year 2019 the auditors reported that all three military departments, Army, Navy and Air Force, were unable to reconcile the information in their real property systems to their financial reporting systems. The Army had n…

GAO-20-615, September 2020, reporting the independent public accountants' fiscal year 2019 financial statement audits of the military services

OMB's instruction is that the CIO rating reflect the level of risk facing the investment. GAO's assessment matched the CIO's rating 22 times, showed more risk 60 times and showed less risk 13 times. Forty of the 95 ratings had not…

GAO-16-494, 95 major federal IT investments at 15 agencies, April 2015 CIO ratings against GAO's own assessment from the agencies' risk registers

Reporting performance against the approved baseline is the control. On this sample an estimated 48% of projects had been rebaselined, 51% of those at least twice, and about 11% four or more times. The control exists and is not hol…

GAO-08-925, sample of 180 of 778 major federal IT projects planned for 2008, 99% response rate

In Gaymark, an arbitrator's award, upheld on the refusal of leave to appeal, allowed a contractor that had not complied with the notice provisions to rely on the prevention principle, so that the employer could not recover liquida…

Multiplex, paragraphs 97 to 105, reporting Gaymark Investments v Walter Construction Group (Supreme Court of the Northern Territory) and Peninsula Balmain v Abigroup Contractors (New South Wales Court of Appeal)

The classification "is the common thread linking activities and participants in a building project from initial planning through operations, maintenance, and disposal", and its elements "usually perform a given function, regardles…

ASTM E1557-09(2020)e1, UNIFORMAT II, sections 1.1, 4.1 and 4.4, as published free on ASTM's product page

The ratio is not supported by any research, data or analysis in the paper that made it famous. It appears there in passing, in an introductory comment, as having been derived elsewhere. When the researchers wrote to the original a…

Hughes, Ancell, Gruneberg and Hirst, ARCOM 2004

Capital formation is measured. The obligations that follow an asset into service sit in different records. This is a statement about where information is kept. It is not a measure of any operating cost, funding gap or shortfall, a…

Projects Advisors, from PSAS 45 and the budget documents cited below

Our reading is that an instruction given orally and never confirmed is where this matters most. Its date, its content and who gave it can then be established only from the recollections the courts treat with most caution, and the…

This is a reading of the two preconditions the commentary describes, not of the full FIDIC text, and not a claim about how any Engineer applies them. The two preconditions described in the commentary do not test import or operatio…

Receipt. The required files were delivered, against the list the contract states. This is what a transmittal register, a completeness review and a Notice of No-objection test. It proves the information exists and was handed over.…

This publication's proposal, not a requirement of FIDIC or ISO 19650

Specification. The operational data requirement was never written into the contract. The delivery contract cannot be used to require information it never specified. The information may be collected or reconstructed later, but that…

An information acceptance test, completed before operational acceptance or closeout, and recorded against a sample of assets that covers each system the data has to enter. For each asset in the sample, it records: - receipt, again…

This publication's proposal, not a requirement of FIDIC or ISO 19650

Before a tender goes out, write every judgement-based criterion so that a losing bidder could identify the evidence or commitment that would have earned the higher score. After evaluation, record the reason for each such score in…

This publication's proposal

The two sentences are compatible, and the second is the one to hold a submission to. What the pair shows is where the weight falls. The capital sum is requested in plain terms; the ongoing funding is, in the first sentence, a thin…

Put the two documents side by side and the operating side has a duty to take part upstream and no place in the record downstream. The file the Gateway Reviewer decides on is created by the Sponsor, its model is vetted by finance,…

An operating cost acceptance, filed with the business case at the gate that precedes budget inclusion. One page, signed by the holder of the recurrent budget that will carry the asset, stating: - the operating unit that will run t…

This publication's proposal, not a requirement of EXPRO, HM Treasury or the IMF

What follows from those two readings is narrow. The requirement to maintain the mapping is written for the project and stated in project terms, and the procedure that closes the project hands over records and facilities without na…

So the public material reviewed here establishes a project-to-asset transfer at capitalisation and does not establish project-to-asset lineage afterwards. The two answer different questions. The transfer answers where the cost wen…

A weighting is a price list. Under a 70/30 split with an inverse-proportional price formula, one quality point out of 70 is worth 3.4% of the contract price, which on a 100m contract is 3.4m. Under 80/20 it is 5.3%. Under 50/50 it…

This publication's proposal, computed from the price formula in World Bank Procurement Regulations Annex X paragraph 4.8

An owner who wants a public project to behave like the private one in the story should change what actually differs, not the ownership. Give the project one principal who answers for land, design, money and decision, or at least o…

This publication's proposal

On a programme of 1.2bn a year, a 100m certificate every month, the Saudi chain at 86 days leaves 283m of the contractor's own money standing in the project at every moment. Under the 30-day rule the European Union, the United Kin…

This publication's proposal, computed from the periods in each rule

The same closure that cost this certificate nothing on the clean run costs it seven days once the payment order is returned, and for the same reason in both cases. On the clean run the days were sitting in a paragraph written in c…

This publication's proposal, computed by the payment chain calculator on this site

Eighteen calendar days on every certificate is the difference between the two texts of the same paragraph. It is not a difference between the law and practice, or between the rule and its enforcement. It is a difference between a…

This publication's proposal

Three fixes are drafting rather than administration, and each is cheap. Put the unit on every period in the same article, in the same word. Say whether a returned payment order restarts the whole period or resumes it, because a re…

This publication's proposal

Compute the standing balance before the tender, not the interest on one invoice. Take your annual turnover on the contract, multiply by the chain in calendar days, divide by 365, and that is the money you are lending the project f…

This publication's proposal

Before the specification for any plant item above a stated value goes out, it should ask for three things by name: the supplier's stated reliability figure for the assembly with the method that produced it (component prediction, f…

This publication's proposal

The test is a monthly, project-by-project comparison of the cumulative certified value on the last payment certificate against the balance in the work in progress account for the same project, with every difference explained by a…

This publication's proposal

The remedy is not to remove judgment, which a programme cannot run without. It is to label every cell with what produced it. Computed: from a stated rule or calculation, and therefore checkable by anyone with the inputs. Sourced:…

This publication's proposal

A body that has just told its readers a certificate may not be enough has raised the evidential bar for itself, not lowered it. The claim that maturity beyond conformance pays is the load-bearing claim of the whole document, and i…

This publication

Where a deterioration curve is assumed rather than observed, record the assumption, its origin and the intervention threshold beside the intervention date. An intervention date whose curve was never written down cannot be reviewed…

This publication

A published method for generating a curve is worth more to an owner than a published curve would be. A curve borrowed from someone else's estate is wrong in a way nobody can quantify. A curve seeded from an assumption and correcte…

This publication

The savings estimate fell by more than half as the sample more than doubled. We read that as the ordinary behaviour of an honest literature converging on a true effect, and the remaining effect still pays back in about two years.…

Our reading of Crowe et al., LBNL, 2020, Energy and Buildings 227

Take an authority with 10,000 km of road. At the design spacing of one column every 25 m, single-sided, that is 400,000 lighting columns. At 1,500 each the fleet is worth 600m, and over a 20-year life it carries an annual deprecia…

Our illustration, with the assumptions stated

At 5 minutes per column to locate, tag, photograph and record it, 400,000 columns is 33,333 hours. At 8 hours a day that is 4,167 person-days, or about 19 person-years at 220 working days a year. At 2 minutes the figure is 7.6 per…

Our illustration; the per-column time is an assumption, stated so it can be argued with

That an inherited adversarial posture materially raises the price of long performance contracts is our reading. The manual states the partnership principle and states the contracting preference; it does not draw the connection bet…

An entity holds 20bn of real estate on a 50-year straight line, and 50m of office equipment and computers on 7 years. The real estate charge is 400m a year, which is 2% of its own value. The office equipment charge is 7.14m. Prese…

Our illustration, with the assumptions stated

Our view is that a revised completion date presented without a revised cost is an incomplete document, and that the incompleteness is systematic rather than occasional. We have not found a survey establishing how common the omissi…

This is our characterisation, not the standard's. ASCE 38 defines the quality levels and says what each is suitable for; it does not assert that the industry routinely designs and prices against QL-D. That inference is ours, drawn…

For an entity still assembling its financial register, we would put the asset data function inside the finance unit and leave it there until the first complete data set exists. Not because assets are a finance matter, they are not…

A sequencing judgement, not a requirement

Everything to this point is drawn from a published standard or a government review process. The four indicators below are not. They are this publication's proposal, offered because the question is worth asking and nobody appears t…

No standard supports what follows

The committee does not say the revision was made because controlled information can be false. That is our inference from where the two subjects sit: control of a document asks who approved it and when, while a question about data…

Whatever the drafting reason, the four nouns describe a wider field than the single word outsourcing did, and an organisation scoping Clause 8.3 from its contracts register will miss arrangements the title plainly covers. We think…

Ours, not the committee's